Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Things (IoT):

IoT (Internet of Things) is an advanced automation and analytics system which exploits networking, sensing, big data, and artificial intelligence technology to deliver complete systems for a product or service. These systems allow greater transparency, control, and performance when applied to any industry or system.

IoT systems have applications across industries through their unique flexibility and ability to be suitable in any environment. They enhance data collection, automation, operations, and much more through smart devices and powerful enabling technology.

This tutorial aims to provide you with a thorough introduction to IoT. It introduces the key concepts of IoT, necessary in using and deploying IoT systems.


IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and integration within a system. They improve the reach of these areas and their accuracy. IoT utilizes existing and emerging technology for sensing, networking, and robotics.

IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling hardware prices, and modern attitudes towards technology. Its new and advanced elements bring major changes in the delivery of products, goods, and services; and the social, economic, and political impact of those changes.

IoT − Key Features
The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and small device use. A brief review of these features is given below −

AI − IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect of life with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks. This can mean something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets to detect when milk and your favorite cereal run low, and to then place an order with your preferred grocer.

Connectivity − New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically IoT networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers. Networks can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates these small networks between its system devices.

Sensors − IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining instruments which transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active system capable of real-world integration.

Active Engagement − Much of today's interaction with connected technology happens through passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or service engagement.

Small Devices − Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision, scalability, and versatility.

IoT − Advantages
The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business. Here is a list of some of the advantages that IoT has to offer −

Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics suffer from blind-spots and significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive. IoT completely transforms this to achieve richer and more effective engagement with audiences.

Technology Optimization − The same technologies and data which improve the customer experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent improvements to technology. IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and field data.

Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give us superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to more effective management of resources.

Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it exactly where humans really want to go to analyze our world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.

IoT − Disadvantages
Though IoT delivers an impressive set of benefits, it also presents a significant set of challenges. Here is a list of some its major issues

Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices communicating over networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures. This leaves users exposed to various kinds of attackers.

Privacy − The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail without the user's active participation.

Complexity − Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment, and maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new enabling technologies.

Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate easily with another. They worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or locked systems.

Compliance − IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply with regulations. Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging when many consider standard software compliance a battle.


The hardware utilized in IoT systems includes devices for a remote dashboard, devices for control, servers, a routing or bridge device, and sensors. These devices manage key tasks and functions such as system activation, action specifications, security, communication, and detection to support-specific goals and actions.

IoT − Sensors
The most important hardware in IoT might be its sensors. These devices consist of energy modules, power management modules, RF modules, and sensing modules. RF modules manage communications through their signal processing, WiFi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, radio transceiver, duplexer, and BAW.

Sensor
The sensing module manages sensing through assorted active and passive measurement devices. Here is a list of some of the measurement devices used in IoT −

S.No Devices
1. accelerometers temperature sensors
2. magnetometers proximity sensors
3. gyroscopes image sensors
4. acoustic sensors light sensors
5. pressure sensors gas RFID sensors
6. humidity sensors micro flow sensors

Wearable Electronics
Wearable electronic devices are small devices worn on the head, neck, arms, torso, and feet.

Wearable Electronics
Smartwatches not only help us stay connected, but as a part of an IoT system, they allow access needed for improved productivity.

Current smart wearable devices include −

Head − Helmets, glasses
Neck − Jewelry, collars
Arm − Watches, wristbands, rings
Torso − Clothing, backpacks
Feet − Socks, shoes
Smart Glasses
Smart glasses help us enjoy more of the media and services we value, and when part of an IoT system, they allow a new approach to productivity.

Standard Devices
1.The desktop, tablet, and cellphone remain integral parts of IoT as the command center and remotes.

2.The desktop provides the user with the highest level of control over the system and its settings.

3.The tablet provides access to the key features of the system in a way resembling the desktop, and also acts as a remote.

4.The cellphone allows some essential settings modification and also provides remote functionality.
Other key connected devices include standard network devices like routers and switches.

              IoT software addresses its key areas of networking and action through platforms, embedded systems, partner systems, and middleware. These individual and master applications are responsible for data collection, device integration, real-time analytics, and application and process extension within the IoT network. They exploit integration with critical business systems (e.g., ordering systems, robotics, scheduling, and more) in the execution of related tasks.